Furniture

Furniture is the collective term for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds), provide storage, or hold objects on horizontal surfaces above the ground. Storage furniture (which often makes use of doors, drawers, and shelves) is used to hold or contain smaller objects such as clothes, tools, books, and household goods.

Furniture can be a product of artistic design and is considered a form of decorative art. In addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious purpose. Domestic furniture works to create, in conjunction with furnishings such as clocks and lighting, comfortable and convenient interior spaces. Furniture can be made from many materials, including metal, plastic, and wood.

Cabinetry and cabinet making are terms for the skillset used in the building of furniture.

Furniture has been a part of the human experience since the development of non-nomadic cultures. Evidence of furniture from antiquity survives in the form of paintings, such as the wall Murals discovered at Pompeii; sculpture, and examples have been excavated in Egypt and found in tombs in Ghiordes, in modern day Turkey.

Western History

The Classical World
Early furniture has been excavated from the 8th-century B.C. Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces found here include tables and inlaid serving stands. There are also surviving works from the 9th-8th-century B.C. Assyrian palace of Nimrud. The earliest surviving carpet, the Pazyryk Carpet was discovered in a frozen tomb in Siberia and has been dated between the 6th and 3rd century B.C.. Recovered Ancient Egyptian furniture includes a 3rd millennium B.C. bed discovered in the Tarkhan Tomb, a c.2550 B.C. gilded set from the tomb of Queen Hetepheres, and a c. 1550 B.C. stool from Thebes. Ancient Greek furniture design beginning in the 2nd millennium B.C., including beds and the klismos chair, is preserved not only by extant works, but by images on Greek vases. The 1738 and 1748 excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii introduced Roman furniture, preserved in the ashes of the 79 A.D. eruption of Vesuvius, to the eighteenth century.


The Dark Ages
The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented with carved designs. Along with the other arts, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century marked a rebirth in design, often inspired by the Greco-Roman tradition. A similar explosion of design, and renaissance of culture in general, occurred in Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, and often gilded Baroque designs that frequently incorporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more rapidly. Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as Palladianism in Great Britain, others, such as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout Western Europe.


The Baroque and Rococo
The nineteenth is usually defined by concurrent revival styles, including Gothic, Neoclassicism, Rococo and the Eastlake Movement. The design reform of the late century, introduced the Aesthetic movement and the Arts and Crafts movement. Art Nouveau was influenced by both of these movements.

The first three-quarters of the twentieth century are often seen as the march towards Modernism. Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Wiener Werkstätte, and Vienna Secession designers all worked to some degree within the Modernist idiom. Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, gained steam in the 1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s by groups such as the Italy-based Memphis movement. Transitional furniture is intended to fill a place between Traditional and Modern tastes.


Asian History
Asian furniture has a quite distinct history. The traditions out of China, India and Japan are some of the best known, but places such as Korea, Mongolia, and the countries of South East Asia have unique facets of their own.

Traditional Japanese furniture is well known for its minimalist style, extensive use of wood, high quality craftsmanship and reliance of wood grain instead of paintings or thick lacquers. Japanese chests are known as Tansu, and are some of the most sought after of Japanese antiques. The antiques available generally date back to the Tokugawa era.

Chinese furniture is traditionally known better for more ornate pieces. The use of un-carved wood and bamboo and the use of heavy lacquers are well known Chinese styles. It is worth noting that China has an incredibly rich and diverse history, and architecture, religion, furniture and culture in general among many other aspects can vary widely from one dynasty to the next.

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Home (2)

Psychological impact
Since it can be said that humans are generally creatures of habit, the state of a person's home has been known to physiologically influence their behavior, emotions, and overall mental health. For example, in the introduction to the film Patch Adams, the concept of "home" is compared to the human need for peaceful sanctuary and the absence of it thus leading to restlessness. Such restlessness, as can be seen by that particular case, may lead to depression and, ultimately, to a loss of sanity.[2]


Other usages
The real-estate industry increasingly replaces the word house with 'home' in its literature, as in 'a four-bedroom home' or a 'modern townhome', a usage that is intended to suggest that the item being sold already has the emotional attributes of home before purchasers actually buy it. Clearly this is a marketing ploy, since a house that is for sale is either someone else's home (the vendor's or the sitting tenant's) or no-one's home, but not yet the home of a prospective purchaser. This usage however has crept into every day speech of many in the general community.

Home (1)

A home is a place where a person or family lives, perhaps spends much of their time, or where a person is comfortable being.


Concept
While a house (or other residential dwelling) is often referred to as a home, the concept of "home" is broader than a physical dwelling. Home is often a place of refuge and safety, where worldly cares fade and the things and people that one loves becomes the focus. Many people think of home in terms of where they grew up, or a time rather than a place.[1] The word "home" is also used for various residential institutions which aspire to create a home-like atmosphere, such as a retirement home, a nursing home, a 'group home' (an orphanage for children, a retirement home for adults, a treatment facility, etc.), a foster home, etc.

There exist cultures lacking permanent homes, with nomadic people often moving their homes from place to place.

schema

1. A mental framework or outline that functions as a kind of vague standard that arises out of past experience, growing and differentiating throughout childhood, and places new experiences in their appropriate context and relation.

2. In Schmidt's schema theory of motor control, a set of operational rules or algorithms that have been acquired from practice or experience, which determine the motor responses in a given situation. It is proposed that there is a separate schema for each class of movement and that skill proficiency is determined by how well the schema are established. The use of schema implies there are generalized motor programmes for a given class of movement. It is proposed that the schema would not take up much storage space (storage is a problem with theories positing a one-to-one relationship between stored programmes and generated movements) and would help explain the ability to perform relatively novel tasks. When acquiring a new skill or competing in a game, a performer recalls and adapts the schema to suit a particular situation, and carry out the required movements. Schema are constructed during practice from information about the initial conditions or starting points of movements, certain aspects of motor actions (such as speed and height), the success or failure of actions, and the sensory consequences of actions (i.e. how they felt).